when signals enter the E and F layers they cause free electrons to vibrate. Because in an area where the electron density is increasing, the farther it progresses into the layer, the more the signal is refracted away from the area of higher electron density. At HF, this refraction is often sufficient to bend the signals back toward Earth. In effect, the layer appears to have "reflected" the signal. These "reflections" are affected by frequency and the radio wave's angle of incidence. As frequency increases the number of refraction decreases until a frequency is reached where the signals pass through the layer and on to the next. ...
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